The Analysis of Relationships Among Tourism, Globalization, and Sustainable Development in Southeast Asia

Sustainable development aims to balance current and future needs across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This study explores the relationships among tourist numbers (Tr), sustainability (SDG), and globalization, divided into economic (GOE), social (GOS), and political (GOC) dimensions, with COVID-19 (CO) included as a short-term factor. Using annual panel data from ASEAN countries (2001–2022), panel unit root, cointegration, and autoregressive distributed lag (Panel ARDL) models were applied to analyses short- and long-term relationships. The findings reveal that sustainability (SDG) and the political globalization dimension (GOC) significantly influence tourist numbers (Tr) in the long term. COVID-19 (CO) affected tourism in the short term. The results underscore the positive impact of sustainable development on tourism and its integration with globalization’s economic and social dimensions. ASEAN countries should prioritize sustainable tourism policies and strengthen international political cooperation to enhance tourism’s long-term benefits.