On wedge aerated water entry: experiment and theory

Pre-existing bubbles in the water play a critical role in influencing the impact pressure characteristics during the wedge water entry. This study experimentally and analytically investigates the effect of aeration on water-entry impact. A series of controlled drop tests were conducted using a wedge with a 20° deadrise angle at varying impact velocities and void fractions. Four classical pure water impact models (the Zhao & Faltinsen model (ZFM), original Logvinovich model (OLM), modified Logvinovich model (MLM) and generalised Wagner model (GWM)) were extended to account for the effect of aeration. These modifications accounted for compressibility effects, the time-dependent void fraction, three-dimensional flow corrections and area-averaged pressure calculations, resulting in four modified models (M-ZFM, M-OLM, M-MLM and M-GWM). This marks the first systematic theoretical extension of multiple classical water-entry models to aerated conditions. The proposed models demonstrated good agreement with experimental results, with the M-MLM providing accurate peak pressure predictions and M-GWM performing best in capturing the post-peak behaviours. The results indicated that the expansion velocity of the wetted surface varied spatially and closely matched the M-ZFM predictions. While the peak pressures decreased by up to 32.8 % in highly aerated water, the prolonged impact durations led to a comparable or slightly increased pressure impulse than that in pure water. This finding suggests that prolonged lower-magnitude impacts in aerated water may pose a greater risk to structural safety than short-duration high-magnitude impacts. These contributions offer new physical insight and validated tools relevant to marine engineering design in aerated environments.