Design strategies for high-density urban development in hot climates: Jeddah’s design approaches

Abstract This study investigates the complex challenge of balancing high residential density with environmental sustainability in Jeddah’s hot, arid climate. It evaluates three design options—60%, 80%, and 100% building coverage—using ENVI-met microclimate simulation to assess the impact on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation, energy consumption, and overall livability. The 80% building coverage option provides the best balance between thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and social well-being, reducing UHI intensity by 20% and cooling energy demand by 15%. These findings offer valuable, actionable insights into urban designers aiming to align with the Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.