PBX-dependent and independent Hox programs establish and maintain motor neuron terminal Identity

Motor neuron (MN) diversity is essential for producing the broad repertoire of animal movements, yet the molecular mechanisms that specify MN subtypes remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigate how Hox genes and their PBX cofactors shape cholinergic MN subtype identity along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis of the <i>C. elegans</i> ventral nerve cord (VNC). In anterior MNs, we show that the anterior Hox genes <i>ceh-13 (Lab/Hox1)</i> and <i>lin-39 (Scr/Dfd/Hox4-5)</i> collaborate with the Hox cofactor <i>ceh-20 (Exd/Pbx1-4)</i> and the terminal selector <i>unc-3 (Collier/Ebf1-4)</i> to activate terminal identity genes. In posterior nerve cord MNs, the mid-body Hox gene <i>mab-5 (Antp/Hox6-8)</i> represses terminal identity gene expression by antagonizing <i>unc-3</i> in a <i>ceh-20</i>-dependent manner. Notably, <i>mab-5</i> and <i>ceh-20</i> are required not only during early development but also in later life stages to maintain posterior MN identity. In lumbar MNs, the posterior Hox gene <i>egl-5 (Abd-A/Abd-B/Hox9-13)</i> collaborates with <i>unc-3</i> to activate lumbar-specific MN terminal identity genes in a <i>ceh-20</i>-independent manner. We further find that <i>ceh-20</i> is necessary for Hox gene expression (<i>ceh-13, lin-39, mab-5</i>) in VNC MNs, supporting a model where Hox positive autoregulation requires PBX activity. Together, these findings reveal PBX-dependent and independent roles for Hox genes in establishing and maintaining MN identity, illustrating how combinatorial interactions between Hox factors and terminal selectors generate neuronal subtype diversity.