North Korea’s Moscow Pivot and Its Impact on China–North Korea Relationship

Amid the Russia–Ukraine war, North Korea’s ties with Russia have deepened through illicit military cooperation (i.e. arms-for-technology exchanges). Such a bonding between North Korea and Russia has introduced subtle challenges in China–North Korea relations, exemplified by Pyongyang’s disregard for China’s concerns over Tumen River navigation. China’s lavish reception of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un on Victory Day in 2025 appears aimed at reasserting its influence.