Concentration in the media ecosystem: The case of the Spanish media and telecommunications industries

This study analyzes concentration dynamics in Spain's media and telecommunications industries between 2019 and 2022, highlighting structural and economic transformations that affect pluralism and democracy. Significant mergers, alongside media cross-ownership trends, illustrate the integration of telecommunications and content production within multimedia conglomerates. Data from corporate financial statements, audience reports, and harmonized indicators (CR4, HHI) reveal oligopolistic tendencies reinforced by global tech platforms, investment funds, and weak regulatory oversight. The study underscores that media concentration is not only an economic issue but also a political and cultural challenge, shaping public discourse, editorial independence, and access to information. Recommendations include enhanced transparency, regulatory reinforcement, and cross-sector monitoring to safeguard media plurality.