The Forgotten History of Bacteriophages in Bulgaria: An Overview and Molecular Perspective on Their Role in Addressing Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy

Bacteriophages, often referred to as "bacteria eaters," have gained renewed interest as a powerful alternative to traditional antibiotics, particularly in addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The present review summarizes data collected in Bulgaria during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, drawing connections between past findings and present-day understanding of cytotoxicity and the clinical validation of bacteriophage applications. Its sections describe phage structure, mechanisms of action, and historical findings both globally and within the Bulgarian context, while also highlighting emerging trends and applications. The cited studies delve into the past through contemporary research contributions related to "Bulgarian phages", a topic that remains underexplored in existing literature. The role of phages in medical microbiology is discussed alongside the challenges of therapeutic implementation, with particular focus on insights gained from the Bulgarian experience. In conclusion, by fostering international collaborations, investing in infrastructure, and establishing supportive policies, bacteriophage therapy can emerge as a critical tool for managing bacterial infections and reducing the global burden of antibiotic resistance in the future.