Effect of grape seed and flaxseed oils on kidney and testicular tissue in male rabbits exposed to tramadol-induced oxidative stress

The study aimed to determine how tramadol affects oxidative stress and how flaxseed Oil (FSO) and grape seed oil (GSO) can enhance the biological functions of testicular and renal tissues in male rabbits exposed to tramadol-induced oxidative stress. The experiment was divided into four groups, each comprising five rabbits, with rabbits randomly assigned to groups. Findings: Tramadol significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (P<0.05). On the other hand, GSH levels significantly increased (P<0.05), and MDA levels decreased (P<0.05) in groups treated with (FSO) and (GSO). Histological examination of G1 showed stages of spermatogenesis; G2, the stages of sperm formation, are incomplete, with an observed proliferation of sperm-forming cells without the formation of mature sperm. Group G3 shows the stages of sperm formation and mature sperm in their natural state. Group G4 shows the stages of sperm formation and mature sperm in their natural state. In male rabbit kidney tissue, in group (G1), the renal corpuscle, the area surrounding the corpuscle (C), the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are all evident. Group G2 shows swelling of the renal glomerulus and loss of the periglomerular space, with hemorrhage into the renal tissue (H) and enlargement of the distal convoluted tubule and proximal convoluted tubule cells. Group G3, by contrast, displays the renal glomerulus, the surrounding area, and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in their typical configurations. The renal glomerulus, the area around the glomerulus, and the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule in their typical configuration. They are also visible in group G4.