Ocular Toxicity Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation and Preventive Measures

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a form of non-ionizing radiation, poses a significant threat to ocular health, and is classified by wavelength into UVA, UVB, and UVC, each category is absorbed by different eye tissues, leading to acute and chronic diseases. This review analyzes the toxic mechanisms of each UV wavelength on the cornea, lens, and retina and examines the pathological effects of major diseases, such as photokeratitis, cataracts, pterygium, and age-related macular degeneration, based on recent research. Furthermore, this study aimed to provide scientific evidence for preventing UV-induced eye damage by outlining the role of sunglasses in effective UV protection and presenting the criteria for their proper selection.