Two decades of sperm sex-sorting in animals: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of techniques, effectiveness, and global research trends (2005–2025)

Flow cytometry remains the global gold standard for sperm sex-sorting, offering high accuracy, but it is limited by cost, technical requirements, and reduced accessibility in developing regions. Growing research activity in Asia highlights increasing interest in alternative, low-cost methods; however, <i>in vivo</i> validation remains limited. Future efforts should focus on large-scale field trials, standardized protocols, comparative studies with unsorted semen, and expanded research across species, including wildlife, to improve practical applicability, sustainability, and One Health benefits.