Contrast Induced Nephropathy among Adult Patients Admitted for Cardiac Catheterization in a Tertiary Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third most common cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Contrast-induced nephropathy may result into new onset chronic kidney disease (CKD), CKD progression and end stage renal disease (ESRD). A prospective longitudinal study was conducted between August 2021 and April 2022 among adult patients admitted for cardiac catheterization at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital. Patients’ demographic, clinical data and laboratory investigations were done and recorded in a questionnaire at baseline, 48 h, 7 days and at 3 months post cardiac catheterization. Data were entered into an excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with CIN within 48 h post cardiac catheterization. A total of 187 patients were recruited for the study; the incidence of CIN post cardiac catheterization was 53.5% (100/187). For those patients with CIN, the median age was 61(IQR 54.3–70.8) years, serum creatinine at 48 h was 129.8 (108.9–155.3) µmol/L and estimated glomerular filtration at 48 h was 47 (37-56.75) ml/min/1.73m2. Also, 97% of the patients with CIN were found with hypertension, 29% patients had diabetes mellitus and 38% of the patients had CKD. Factors associated with CIN were; hypertension [OR 7.9(95% CI: 1.99–31.08) P = 0.003], diabetes mellitus [OR 3.3(95% CI: 1.39–7.84) P = 0.007] and advanced age ≥ 70 years [OR 2.7 (95% CI: 1.12–6.52) P = 0.027]. After three months follow-up; 59% (59/100) of the patients who had CIN were found with new onset CKD or CKD progression. The incidence of CIN within 48 h after cardiac catheterization in our settings is high. Patients with advanced age ≥ 70 years, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were at increased risk for CIN. More than half of the patients who had CIN were found with new onset CKD or CKD progression.