Numerical Research on Flow Heat Transfer and Fouling Deposition Characteristics of Shark-Skin Bionic Structure Tube

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers serve as critical energy conversion equipment in marine nuclear power systems, where their thermal performance directly determines operational safety and reliability. This study proposes a kind of shark-skin bionic structure tube to enhance compactness and power density. Key findings are: (1) The microstructures induce intensive secondary flows and helical vortices, substantially disrupting the thermal boundary layer and amplifying near-wall perturbations. Maximum enhancement reaches 56.7% in heat transfer coefficient and 33.1–58.3% in heat exchange capacity, with PEC consistently maintained at 1.25–1.30. (2) Fouling deposition significantly degrades heat transfer performance. The fouling layer is simplified using a homogenized model, where the thickness reaches 0.20 mm, the heat transfer capacity of the shark-skin bionic structure tube becomes essentially equivalent to that of a smooth tube, and the heat transfer enhancement effect is largely lost. (3) This study reveals the coupling mechanism between enhanced heat exchange and fouling deposition. On a macroscopic scale, the design and manufacturing of a shark-skin bionic structure tube are achieved, laying a theoretical and design foundation for the development of a new generation of marine heat exchangers with high anti-fouling performance.