1T-Rich MoS ₂ /Turbostratic Graphene Nanocomposite for Efficient Energy Storage and Hydrogen Evolution

Recent advances in energy materials have highlighted 1T-MoS2/graphene composites as promising candidates for next-generation applications due to their excellent conductivity and catalytic activity. However, their practical performance is hindered by the instability and low yield of the 1T phase in MoS2 and the restacking of graphene, which limit ion transport and active site accessibility. Here, we report a scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of a turbostratic graphene 1T-rich MoS2/t-G heterostructure via plasma spraying, followed by ultrasonication-assisted blending and magnetic stirring to ensure uniform dispersion and strong interfacial contact. The turbostratic nature of graphene mitigates restacking, while 1T-rich MoS2 enhances conductivity and electrochemical reactivity. As a symmetric supercapacitor, the 1T-rich MoS2/t-G composite delivers a specific capacitance of 213.2 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1, an energy density of 29.6 Wh kg–1, a power density of 250 W kg–1, and 93.5% retention over 10,000 cycles. For hydrogen evolution, the catalyst exhibits a low Tafel slope (∼35 mV dec–1), indicating fast reaction kinetics and efficient charge transfer. The dual functionality underscores the synergistic effect of 1T-MoS2 and t-G in enhancing energy storage and catalytic performance. This work offers a cost-effective and scalable strategy to overcome key limitations in the graphene/MoS2 systems for advanced energy applications.