Electrical Stimulation of Denervated Muscle: A Narrative Review

Stimulation of denervated muscle remains a promising but underdeveloped area. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscle can preserve muscle mass and potentially restore function. However, its clinical adoption has been limited by the exceptionally high stimulation thresholds required, which are approximately one thousand times higher than those for indirect muscle stimulation via intact lower motor neurons. These demands lead to significant challenges including discomfort, limited specificity due to the need for large electrodes, and the risk of tissue damage. Artificial reinnervation may offer a promising solution by enabling the use of conventional low-energy stimulation techniques. Additionally, the application of stimulation in free muscle transfers may further expand therapeutic options in this area.