Fractals: From Leibniz to AI Applications in Otorhinolaryngology

<p>Fractal dimension is a mathematical parameter that quantifies the complexity and irregularity of biological structures. In medical sciences, fractal analysis enables quantitative differentiation between normal and pathological tissues, as well as the detection of subtle structural alterations associated with senescence, inflammation and carcinogenesis. Integration with artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches further enhances its diagnostic potential and brings it closer to clinical practice. Despite current limitations related to methodological standardization and interpretation, accumulating evidence suggests that fractal dimension may evolve into a valuable component of digital pathology, otolaryngology and personalized medicine.</p>