THE ROLE OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN BREAST CANCER PREVENTION -CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE

Introduction and aim. Phytoestrogens -mainly isoflavones (soy) and lignans (flaxseed, whole grains) are the subject of intensive research in the context of breast cancer prevention and prognosis. This review evaluates epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence regarding the impact of phytoestrogens on disease risk and progression. Material and methods. There were searched PubMed databases and Google Scholar. Results. In meta-analyses and large observational cohorts, soy consumption is associated with a moderate reduction in the risk of breast cancer. After a diagnosis of breast cancer, soy consumption does not increase the risk of recurrence and may be associated with a reduction in overall mortality. Lignans (enterolactone) show beneficial correlations with prognostic endpoints, especially in postmenopausal women. However, data from randomized intervention studies and the effect of isoflavone supplements remain limited. Conclusion. Consuming foods rich in phytoestrogens may be part of a strategy to reduce breast cancer risk and is generally safe for women diagnosed with breast cancer, but there is insufficient evidence to support routine supplementation with isoflavones. RCTs in Western populations, studies on dosage, exposure time, and the role of gut microbiota are needed.