Recent advancement in pesticide formulations for pest management and residue analysis by analytical techniques in agriculture using nanocomposites

The rapid growth of pesticide usage in modern agriculture has necessitated innovative strategies for enhancing pest management efficiency while ensuring food safety and environmental protection. The recent advancements in nanocomposites have transformed pesticide formulations by improving stability, targeted delivery, controlled release, and bioavailability of active ingredients. This review provides comprehensive insights into the latest developments in pesticide nanoformulations-ranging from chitosan, clay, silicon, polymer, carbon dot, metal, metal oxide, and graphene-based nanocomposites to advanced water-dispersible systems such as nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, nanomicelles, and nanosuspensions. The importance of pesticide residue analysis is emphasized with respect to food safety assurance, regulatory compliance, and environmental monitoring. Analytical approaches for residue detection are critically examined, covering chromatographic methods (HPLC, LC–MS, GC–MS, MS/MS, HRMS), spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis, FTIR, Raman, NMR, fluorescence, NIR, ICP), and immunoassay-based tools including ELISA and ICA. Additionally, the review discusses contemporary extraction and cleanup technologies such as SPE, SPME, SBSE, QuEChERS, DLLME, MAE, PLE, and supercritical fluid extraction, highlighting their roles in efficient sample preparation across diverse food matrices including fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, oils, meat, dairy, and herbal products. The method validation parameters-selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and stability are addressed to ensure reliability of analytical outcomes. Emerging knowledge on pesticide degradation pathways and nanomaterial-assisted monitoring strategies is also presented. Finally, the biosafety implications of nanoformulations and their influence on degradation kinetics are critically evaluated. In this review integrates material science, analytical chemistry, and agricultural practices to provide a holistic understanding of cutting-edge pesticide nanoformulations and residue analysis techniques for sustainable and safe agricultural production.