Voice dysfunction following total thyroidectomy: surgical and anesthetic aspects

<p>Introduction: Voice dysfunction represents a significant postoperative complication following total thyroidectomy, particularly in patients whose profession depends on their voice (singers, lecturers). The main causes include injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), as well as vocal cord trauma during intubation or the occurrence of postoperative edema. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane databases was conducted for studies published between 2014 and 2025. Included studies comprised randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and relevant clinical guidelines. Data were analyzed regarding the incidence of voice dysfunction, mechanisms of nerve injury, surgical and anesthetic risk factors, prevention strategies, and postoperative management, including the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). Results and Discussion: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis leads to dysphonia and reduced phonatory power, whereas superior laryngeal nerve injury decreases the high-frequency vocal range and vocal endurance. The risk is increased in reoperations, large retrosternal goiters, and invasive tumors. The use of IONM reduces the risk of permanent RLN injury, although its reliability may be compromised by improper use of neuromuscular blockers or anesthetic protocols. Anesthetic factors, including improper intubation, excessive cuff pressure, and multiple intubation attempts, significantly contribute to voice changes. Prevention includes careful anesthetic management, precise intubation technique, and coordinated work between surgeons and anesthesiologists. Early postoperative evaluation, fiberendoscopic examination, acoustic analysis, and speech therapy contribute to preserving vocal cord function. Conclusion: Voice dysfunction following total thyroidectomy arises from both surgical and anesthetic factors. Prevention of complications requires a multidisciplinary approach, coordination between surgeons and anesthesiologists, and the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring. Therapy and rehabilitation, including otolaryngological assessment and speech therapy, aim to preserve and restore vocal function.</p>