Public Health Genomics in Neurological Disorders: A Call for Early Detection and Equitable Access

Neurological disorders constitute a major contributor to global morbidity and disability, with both monogenic diseases (e.g., spinal muscular atrophy) and complex polygenic conditions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) presenting significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Advances in public health genomics-the application of genomics to improve population health-offer unprecedented opportunities for early detection, risk prediction, and targeted interventions in the context of neurological disease. This manuscript aims to examine the role of public health genomics in enhancing the diagnosis, prevention, and management of neurological disorders at the population level. It critically evaluates how genomic tools, including next-generation sequencing, polygenic risk scoring, and population screening, can be integrated into public health systems to enable precision medicine approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential of genomics to reduce diagnostic delays, inform individualized treatment strategies, and facilitate pre-symptomatic interventions. Despite these advances, the equitable implementation of genomic technologies remains constrained by a range of barriers, including limited infrastructure, insufficient genomic literacy, ethical concerns regarding data use and consent, and sociocultural sensitivities-especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Through case studies and comparative policy analysis, this paper identifies key challenges and enablers in translating genomic science into equitable public health practice. We propose a framework for the integration of genomics into national health systems that includes strategic investment in genomic infrastructure, capacity-building of healthcare professionals, development of ethical and regulatory standards, and community engagement to ensure cultural acceptability. Ultimately, the incorporation of genomics into public health policy has the potential to transform the landscape of neurological care and reduce global health disparities if implemented with scientific rigor and a commitment to equity.