The effectiveness of the postgraduate programs in modern conditions: problems and promising directions for their solution in the system of highly qualified personnel training for the benefit of the penal system

This article presents the results of a study on the development of postgraduate studies in modern conditions and an assessment of their effectiveness. The demographic factors behind the decline in the number of research staff and the decline in the number of dissertation defenses by graduate students and postgraduate students are examined. A comparison is made of the quantitative indicators of dissertation defenses in dissertation councils in economic, legal, psychological, and pedagogical sciences, including those of organizations with the authority to independently award degrees.