THE ROLE OF SOY AND OTHER SOURCES OF EXOGENOUS ESTROGENS IN MODIFICATION OF PCOS SYMPTOMS AND OTHER HORMONAL DISORDERS IN WOMEN

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. Despite pharmacological and dietary advances, there remains a growing interest in natural therapeutic approaches. Phytoestrogens—plant-derived compounds structurally similar to endogenous estrogens—have gained attention as potential modulators of hormonal and metabolic balance. Aim: This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of soy and other dietary sources of phytoestrogens in modulating PCOS symptoms and related hormonal disorders, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and clinical effects. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, including clinical trials, experimental studies, and meta-analyses assessing the effects of phytoestrogens—mainly isoflavones, lignans, and stilbenes—on hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS and during menopause. Results: Soy isoflavones, particularly genistein and daidzein, selectively bind to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, influencing hormonal profiles, insulin sensitivity, and the LH/FSH ratio. Flaxseed lignans may enhance SHBG levels and regulate estrogen bioavailability. The efficacy of phytoestrogens depends on their form, processing, and gut microbiota composition. Conclusion: Phytoestrogens appear to be a promising adjunct in the management of PCOS and other hormonal disorders, offering potential benefits for endocrine and metabolic regulation. However, further large-scale, well-designed clinical studies are required to establish optimal dosage, long-term safety, and individualized therapeutic potential.