Acetaminophen poisoning: contemporary intravenous acetylcysteine regimens and early discharge pathways

A protocolized NAC pathway with clear stop/extend rules is the most impactful way to improve care. Escalation (higher or prolonged dosing, early hepatology/transplant referral, and consideration of ECTR) should be reserved for high-risk cases. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), dose and timing history can guide empiric NAC when levels are delayed. Biomarkers and artificial intelligence remain useful adjuncts, not substitutes, for laboratory-based decisions.