Jurislinguistic convergence in the criminal law regulation of liability for crimes related to cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets

The subject of the research is legal-linguistic convergence in the area of criminal law regulation of liability for crimes related to cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets. The analysis focuses on the interrelation between the language of criminal law and the digital economic reality, the peculiarities of the conceptual framework used to describe cryptocurrency and other digital assets, as well as the impact of terminological uncertainty on the qualification of crimes, asset confiscation, and the assessment of operations for the legalization (laundering) of income. The analysis relies on criminal, civil, and financial legislation, doctrine, and judicial practice, including the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the typology of linguistic uncertainty (terminological, systemic-structural, and pragmatic) and its role in forming uniform approaches to recognizing cryptocurrency as an object of property for the purposes of criminal law qualification. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including legal-linguistic analysis, comparative law methods, doctrinal interpretation, and the study of judicial practice, which allows identifying the influence of language models on the qualification of crimes related to digital assets. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification of legal-linguistic convergence as an independent methodological foundation that ensures consistency of the conceptual framework of criminal, civil, and financial law in regulating the circulation of cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets. The work presents an author's typology of linguistic uncertainty – terminological, systemic-structural, and pragmatic – demonstrating how linguistic discrepancies give rise to differences in the qualification of crimes, affecting the definition of the subject of encroachment, methods of committing acts, and legal consequences. It concludes that there is a need for normative clarification of the definitions of digital assets, unification of intersectoral terminology, and institutionalization of judicial linguistic practices. The application of legal-linguistic convergence allows eliminating conceptual contradictions, increasing the predictability of law enforcement, and creating a cohesive model of criminal law protection in the context of the digital economy.