Factors Influencing Malnutrition in Patients with Heart Failure: A Scoping Review Based on the Biopsychosocial Model

This scoping review provides the first comprehensive summary of malnutrition-related factors in patients with heart failure through the biopsychosocial model. The findings indicate that malnutrition in patients with heart failure is affected by both subjective and objective factors and is closely associated with disease progression. A comprehensive understanding of the influencing factors of malnutrition contributes to the development of more precise nutritional risk assessment tools and lays the foundation for a continuous management pathway of screening, assessment, intervention, and monitoring to facilitate early risk identification.