Species richness and Spatial distribution of three Pieridae subfamilies across mainland China under past and future climates

The family Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is known for its ecological and conservation significance; however, little is known about its spatial distribution pattern and climate vulnerability in mainland China, complicating the formulation of effective conservation strategies. Pierinae and Coliadinae are widely distributed across most parts of the research zone, especially in the southern regions. Conversely, Dismorphiinae is mainly distributed in the west-central and northeastern parts. Pierinae and Coliadinae flourished over a wider range of elevations in open environments with warmer and more humid habitats, whereas Dismorphiinae is restricted to a narrow elevation range in forested areas with cooler and drier habitats. Therefore, it was necessary to study their distribution patterns separately. The MaxEnt model was applied to analyze the influence of bioclimatic variables on their distribution throughout three historical eras: the Last Interglacial (LIG), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the Current (1970-2000). Pierinae and Coliadinae showed a uniform increase in overall highly suitable habitats, while Dismorphiinae showed an initial increase and then a decrease. Due to global warming, all three subfamilies might experience contraction in highly suitable habitats. Most Pieridae species are projected to experience shrinkage in highly suitable habitats, leading to decreased species diversity. These findings highlight divergent historical distribution patterns and habitat preferences among Pieridae subfamilies, yet project a shared vulnerability to future habitat contraction under climate warming.