Dengue hemorhagic fever and climate change in Surakarta: Pre-study for community-based clinical immunology

This study aims to analyze the correlations between climatic factors (rainfall, humidity, temperature) and environmental sanitation (waste volume) with the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Surakarta. Using a retrospective observational design, this research analyzed aggregated secondary data from 2022 to 2024. The results revealed highly volatile DHF incidence: 166 cases in 2022, 99 in 2023, and 220 in 2024. The analysis demonstrated strong positive correlations between DHF cases and both the number of rainy days and air humidity. Conversely, air temperature showed a non-linear relationship, rising consistently while cases fluctuated. Notably, environmental sanitation played a disproportionate role; a modest 5.66% increase in solid waste volume was associated with a 122.22% surge in DHF cases. The study concludes that while rainfall creates breeding sites, poor waste management significantly exacerbates transmission risk. These environmental dynamics provide the critical epidemiological context for future community-based clinical immunology studies, particularly regarding the risk of severe secondary infections due to high vector density. Integrated surveillance of weather and waste management is recommended as a primary prevention strategy.