Influence of topographical variation on the physiological performance of Indonesian local sheep under changing climate conditions

Climate change has a significant impact on livestock by altering their physiological responses and overall production performance. Rising temperatures, increased humidity, and unpredictable weather patterns create thermal stress, which affects animals’ metabolism, feed intake, and reproductive efficiency. This study aimed to analyze the differences in physiological responses of sheep raised at different altitudes. The research was conducted in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, July-December 2025. The study was carried out in two altitude regions: highland areas (Tawangmangu and Jatiyoso Districts) and lowland areas (Jaten and Kebakkramat Districts). Samples were selected using purposive sampling, with a total of 400 local sheep. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results showed that in male sheep, significant differences were found only in heart rate (P<0.05), while body temperature, respiratory rate, and Body Condition Score (BCS) did not differ significantly. In female sheep, significant differences were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature (P<0.05), whereas BCS showed no significant difference between altitudes. Female sheep exhibited more sensitive physiological responses to environmental changes compared to males. Overall, local sheep in Karanganyar Regency demonstrated good physiological adaptability to varying environmental conditions across different altitudinal regions in the tropical area.