Menstrual Cycle-Related Hormonal Fluctuations in ADHD: Effect on Cognitive Functioning—A Narrative Review

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder linked to impaired cognition and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Emerging evidence suggests that women with ADHD experience pronounced hormone-related difficulties, with menstrual cycle-related changes in mood and cognition interfering with daily functioning and diminishing treatment efficacy. This review examines the influence of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle on cognitive functioning and ADHD symptomatology in women. A comprehensive literature search of Ovid EmBase identified studies published between 2015 and 2025 examining cognitive performance, including attention, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control, across menstrual cycle phases in women with or without ADHD. Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Neurobiological measurements included hormonal assays, neuroimaging, and neurotransmitter models. Seven studies in non-clinical populations suggested that attentional processing was enhanced during the mid-luteal phase, which may be linked to higher progesterone levels. By contrast, four studies in women with ADHD and six studies in women with mood-related disorders, such as PMS or PMDD, consistently observed impairments in attention, executive function, and impulsivity during the mid-luteal and pre-menstrual phases. These objective findings parallel subjective reports of worsened cognition, heightened mood symptoms, and diminished medication efficacy during the luteal phase. Current evidence indicates that ADHD-related cognitive functioning fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, with impairments particularly evident in women with ADHD and/or comorbid mood disorders. These changes may reflect increased sensitivity to allopregnanolone, peri-menstrual oestrogen withdrawal, and the absence of compensatory neural adaptations observed in non-clinical populations. However, findings remain preliminary and sometimes contradictory due to methodological heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and, importantly, to translate theoretical insights into clinical application through female-specific diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies.