Impact of e-cigarette advertising, promotion, and sponsorship on cognition and behavior: a systematic review of public responses

Exposure to e-cigarette APS, most notably across digital, social media, and retail environments, was consistently associated with heightened susceptibility, stronger intentions to use, and increased uptake, with these patterns becoming more pronounced in recent years. While much of the existing evidence is cross-sectional and therefore cannot establish causal pathways, the overall body of findings underscores the importance of reinforcing regulatory attention and ongoing monitoring of marketing activities in digital and retail spaces, particularly to safeguard youth and other vulnerable groups.