Biochemical Markers Involved in Bone Remodelling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Bone remodelling is a physiological process influenced by mechanical stimuli such as those generated during orthodontic treatment. Biochemical markers allow the phases of remodelling to be identified, its progression to be assessed, alterations to be detected and scaffold-based tissue regeneration to be evaluated. This study reviews the main markers involved in bone formation and resorption, highlighting their clinical relevance. A literature search was conducted in biomedical databases, selecting studies that analysed crevicular gingival fluid samples in areas of tension and compression. The markers were classified according to their function and location, and their baseline values, temporal variations and methods of analysis were compiled. Among the markers of bone formation, Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Transforming Growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and Interleukin 27 (IL-27) stand out; while resorption markers include Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor appa β Ligand (RANKL), Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The results show different expression patterns depending on the type of force applied and the timing of the follow-up, allowing molecular profiles associated with each phase of remodelling to be established. This characterisation improves our understanding of tooth movement and provides a basis for the development of more precise scaffolds and functional biomaterials in orthodontics.