Exploring the Wetland-based Livelihoods from selected Communities in the Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal, India

Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting rural livelihoods, particularly in agrarian regions like Uttar Dinajpur district, West Bengal. This study examines the sustainable management of selected wetlands and their contribution to the livelihood opportunities of neighboring communities. Using a mixed-methods approach, including household surveys, focus group discussions, and field observations across 34 villages surrounding 10 purposively selected wetlands, the study explores both community dependence on wetland resources and their awareness of conservation practices. The findings reveal that wetlands support a variety of livelihood activities such as irrigation, traditional fishing, grazing, and the collection of plants for handicrafts and medicinal purposes. However, unsustainable practices such as overfishing, wetland conversion for agriculture, and lack of wastewater reuse pose significant threats to long-term ecological and economic sustainability. Despite moderate awareness of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, gaps remain in community participation, legal enforcement, and livelihood diversification. The study, framed by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, emphasizes the need for inclusive wetland governance, eco-friendly livelihood promotion, and community-based capacity building.