Fragility curves for rapid evaluation of seismic damage to embedded cantilever retaining walls

Seismic events can severely impact earth-retaining structures near deep excavations, disrupting operations, especially in densely populated areas during emergencies and rescue efforts. Rapid assessment of seismic vulnerability is essential for these structures. Fragility curves are effective tools for evaluating earthquake-induced damage. This study focuses on developing fragility functions for embedded cantilever retaining walls. A key innovation of this research is identifying intensity measures (IMs) that strongly correlate with wall responses, addressing gaps in current seismic vulnerability assessments. The study employs an advanced approach by combining static simulations with two-dimensional (2D) dynamic analysis using Plaxis 2D software, allowing an accurate representation of the wall behaviour under earthquake. Thirty-one IMs were evaluated for norms such as efficiency, practicality, proficiency, and sufficiency, resulting in the selection of optimal IMs for the fragility functions. The response of the structure is characterised by a permanent lateral displacement at the top of the wall. Fragility functions were developed for the spectral acceleration, providing a unique tool for assessing the seismic vulnerability of embedded cantilever retaining walls. These proposed tools serve as valuable resources for emergency management and preparedness, aiding in the identification of priority actions and appropriate measures for mitigating seismic risk.