Biodegradation of phthalate esters by microalgae: A comprehensive review

Phthalate esters, also known as PAEs, are chemical compounds widely used as plasticizers in various consumer products. However, prolonged exposure to PAEs causes serious health risks risks, including endocrine disruption, reproductive problems, and potential developmental issues in vulnerable population. Due to their occurrence and toxicity of PAEs to human health and the environment, biodegradation has gathered considerable attention in recent years. This review focuses mainly on the persistence of PAEs in ecosystems and explores various biodegradation techniques using microalgae. It highlights the metabolic capabilities of microalgae and its underlying mechanisms involved in PAE degradation. These insights emphasize the potential of microalgae as an ecological bioremediation strategy for mitigating PAE pollution and provide valuable insights for their application in environmental management. Furthermore, the review suggests that microalgae not only contribute to the detoxification of PAEs but also exhibit faster degradation rates through lower energy requirements, positioning as promising alternative that offers Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), paving the way towards reducing environmental contamination and fostering a more sustainable future.