Hybrid sampling chemometric strategy for accurate and sustainable quantification of co-administered β-lactam antibiotics

This is the first study to integrate structured sampling with chemometric modeling for β-lactam analysis. The approach improved model robustness, generalization, and sustainability, achieving high green metrics of SDS (Safety Data Sheets), AGREE (Analytical Greenness metric), and BAGI (Balanced Analytical Greenness Index) values of 0.84 and 85.0, respectively. The developed method represents a reliable, efficient, and eco-friendly strategy for pharmaceutical quality control and environmental monitoring.