Insight for the excision of amoxicillin using bio-sorbents from effluent: Impact, fate and treatment mechanism for Water Management– A review

• Pharmaceutical contaminants reviewed: sources, impacts, transfer, removal techniques and mechanisms. • Adsorption-based technologies with modified adsorbents and nanomaterials show effective removal. • Focus on cost-effective, eco-friendly adsorbents and integrating adsorption with other techniques. • Commercial scale, technical feasibility, and economic challenges of the process are critically assessed. The accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, leading to water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, and escalating treatment costs in many regions across the globe. This comparative study investigates the utilization of bio-based adsorbents for the efficient removal of pharmaceutical contaminants specifically the antibiotic amoxicillin from wastewater. Both agro-based and organism-derived adsorbents exhibit promising characteristics such as high porosity, extensive specific surface area, superior adsorption capacity, and environmental sustainability. These green adsorbents operate through multiple adsorption mechanisms, including π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and weak van der Waals forces, enabling effective contaminant removal. Unlike synthetic materials, they are renewable, biodegradable, and free from secondary pollution, making them ideal for sustainable water treatment applications. The study further analyses the influence of key production parameters such as activation temperature, pH, precursor type, and surface modification on adsorptive efficiency and compares the performance of agro-waste-based adsorbents with conventional synthetic alternatives. By comparing or contrasting the articles, a step by step process for the number of preparation and modification steps of biosorbents is developed that also turns out to be agro-based or natural polymer or microorganism having an incredibly high adsorption capacities and capabilities and it can be used in order to treat organically loaded wastewater more economically, efficiently and effectively than the conventional treatment methods because of their characteristics of high orders such as tolerance to contaminants