Development of a 3D-printable bioactive polycaprolactone–collagen peptides filament for biomedical applications

This study presents a scalable, nontoxic method for fabricating a 3D printable polycaprolactone (PCL)-collagen peptides composite filament via solvent-assisted blending and a customized desktop filament extrusion system. Virgin and recycled PCL feedstocks were used to study the matrix characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed that the composite maintains PCL's inherent crystalline and thermal properties. It also exhibits intrinsic bioactive capabilities provided by the collagen peptides. Filaments with diameters suitable for the Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printing were obtained. Tests demonstrated that the recycled matrix and the lab-scale process reduce the tensile modulus of the material. At the same time, collagen peptides enhanced tensile stiffness by creating intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the PCL. The biocompatibility of the composite has also been confirmed, while degradability studies have shown the tunability of the PCL degradation rate. Additionally, examples of 3D-printed scaffolds based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces have been successfully fabricated using the PCL-collagen peptide filament. Therefore, this study demonstrates that integrating collagen peptides into a PCL matrix represents a viable, nontoxic, affordable, and promising approach for developing customized and bioactive implants, scaffolds, and other regenerative medicine applications.