Beyond the 24-hour norm: PM2.5 air quality challenges at athletics events in South Africa

The health implications of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure are well documented, particularly its penetration into the respiratory tract, posing serious health risks. This prospective longitudinal study investigates PM2.5 exposure levels during athletics events in South Africa, highlighting the short-term exposure risks for athletes. PM2.5 concentrations were measured at four events across rural, central metropolitan, and industrial metropolitan settings in 2023. Results indicated significant variations in PM2.5 levels, with mean concentrations ranging from 28.6 μg/m³ in rural areas to 132.7 μg/m³ in industrial metropolitan regions, exceeding WHO 24-hour exposure recommendations. Factors such as local industries and cooking methods at event sites contributed to these elevated levels. The findings underscore the need for establishing short-term PM2.5 exposure standards for outdoor activities, where added respiratory stress from exercise could exacerbate underlying conditions; we also highlight the importance of location selection to mitigate health risks for athletes.