Electroencephalography, microRNA, and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDARE) is a severe autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks NMDA receptors in the brain. Early diagnosis is critical for effective intervention, and it often hinges on detecting specific antibodies. Clinical biomarkers, including electroencephalography (EEG), play a vital role in facilitating early identification. The hallmark EEG patterns of anti-NMDARE are the extreme delta brush pattern and generalized rhythmic delta activity. This paper reviews the EEG features characteristic of anti-NMDARE. In addition to EEG, the potential of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in diagnosing and prognosticating anti-NMDARE has garnered attention. This study reveals that both EEG and miRNA biomarkers may provide useful insights for the diagnosis and prognosis of anti-NMDARE, underscoring the importance of combining EEG and miRNA biomarkers for a more accurate and timely clinical assessment.