Exploring Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Hemolytic Activities of <i>Atriplex halimus</i> L <i>.</i> : Optimizing Extraction Conditions to Enhance Bioactive and Pharmaceutical Properties

Objectives This study aimed to explore the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-hemolytic activities of Atriplex halimus L ., and to highlight how optimizing extraction conditions can enhance the recovery of its bioactive compounds, providing new insights into its pharmaceutical potential. Methods Leaves collected in El-Oued, Algeria (May 2023) were extracted with ethanol, methanol, and acetone under varying acidity (0-2 N HCl), time (30-240 min), and temperature (25-70°C). Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were quantified, and antioxidant activities assessed using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide assays. Anti-hemolytic and antibacterial activities were also evaluated. Results Acetone extract had the highest TPC (393.7 mg GAE/100 g DW) and strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC 50 = 9.39 µg/ml; FRAP = 333.7 mg AAE/100 g), while ethanol yielded the highest TFC (47.9 mg QE/100 g DW). Optimal conditions (acetone + 1N HCl, 210 min, 37°C) enhanced bioactivity. Extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects against Gram-positive strains and provided dose-dependent hemolysis inhibition. Conclusion A. halimus exhibits potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-hemolytic activities. The optimal extraction conditions, acetone solvent acidified with 1N HCl, 210 min of extraction time, and a temperature of 37 °C, significantly enhanced phenolic and flavonoid recovery as well as antioxidant activity. These findings support its potential as a valuable natural source for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.