Introducing the comparative weighting evaluation based on the best criteria method: a multi-fuzzy framework for aviation fuel efficiency

Fuel consumption in the aviation industry is one of the most critical cost items in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability. Although numerous studies have examined the determinants of aircraft fuel efficiency, there remains no consensus in the literature regarding which factors are most influential. This lack of clarity creates a major research gap that limits the ability of airlines to allocate resources effectively, make strategic plans, and implement operational improvements. To address this gap, the present study introduces the Comparative Weighting Evaluation based on the Best Criteria (COWEB) method - a novel multi-fuzzy decision-making framework designed to identify and prioritize the most critical factors influencing aircraft fuel consumption. The distinct originality of the COWEB model lies in its comparative structure, which evaluates all criteria relative to the most significant one, thereby reducing cognitive load and enhancing consistency. Moreover, the integration of Triangular, Pythagorean, and Fermatean fuzzy environments enables comprehensive modeling of expert uncertainty across multiple dimensions. According to the results, "engine efficiency and technology" and "pilot behavior and flight management" are the two most influential criteria, with respective weights of 0.254 and 0.227. While the COWEB technique yields stable results under all fuzzy environments, the comparative SIWEC analysis reveals minor inconsistencies, confirming the superior stability and reliability of the proposed model. By minimizing the number of required comparisons, the COWEB method improves expert consistency, reduces evaluation time, and provides a clearer differentiation among closely related factors.