A systematic review of land use and land cover changes and their influence on urban heat island dynamics

Urban heat islands (UHIs) present complex challenges for cities worldwide, exacerbated by rising temperatures and climatic variability. This review examines state-of-the-art theoretical and empirical research on UHI phenomena, consolidating insights on urban morphology, atmospheric processes, and socioeconomic factors influencing heat accumulation. We elucidate the multifaceted interactions shaping UHI intensity and distribution by integrating high-resolution climatic datasets with rigorous modelling frameworks. Particular focus is directed toward bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and tangible policy solutions, addressing insufficient granularity in data collection and inconsistencies in cross-sectoral collaboration. Addressing these gaps necessitates the development of cohesive governance structures that support interdisciplinary engagement among urban planners, climatologists, public health professionals, and policymakers. The synthesis underscores the urgency of incorporating socioeconomic disparities and equity considerations when designing mitigation strategies, as communities with fewer resources often experience disproportionate heat burdens. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of strategic urban planning interventions—such as optimizing green infrastructure, employing reflective materials, and revising building codes—to enhance local resilience. By advocating collaborative, integrative approaches that ground scientific knowledge in practical implementation, the review encourages the translation of robust UHI science into innovative policy measures capable of protecting public health and fostering climate-resilient urban environments. Looking ahead, integrated, high-resolution, and socioeconomically informed methodologies will play a pivotal role in refining UHI mitigation tactics and ensuring equitable public health protections. Ultimately, this comprehensive framework provides a foundation for ongoing research, planning, and action aimed at reducing heat stress, mitigating adverse health outcomes, and cultivating sustainable, liveable cities under evolving climatic conditions.