Cognitive impairments in a clinical sample of recently diagnosed outpatients with bipolar disorder: The role of lifestyle, comorbidities, and psychotropic medications

Cognitive impairment was related to depressive symptoms and unemployment. For euthymic, employed patients, subtle cognitive impairments were also observed, indicating that they may represent a trait marker in BD. Future longitudinal studies should investigate causal mechanisms leading to cognitive deficits and multimodal lifestyle interventions to target both primary and secondary cognitive impairments in BD.