Golden hour(s) quality improvement protocols and their effect on outcomes in preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks of gestation: a scoping review

GH-protocols for preterm infants demonstrate beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality, yet exhibit variability. Differences in populations, hospital resources, and methodologies hinder cross-study comparisons. Standardized guidelines and outcome measures are needed to refine GH-protocols and identify effective interventions. Future research should evaluate short- and long-term effects of GH-protocols across diverse healthcare settings to enhance neonatal outcomes.