SN 2024cld: unveiling the complex mass-loss histories of evolved supergiant progenitors to core collapse supernovae

Abstract Pre-explosion mass loss in supernova (SN) progenitors is a crucial unknown factor in stellar evolution, yet has been illuminated recently by the diverse zoo of interacting transients. We present SN 2024cld, a transitional core-collapse SN at a distance of 39 Mpc, straddling the boundary between SN II and SN IIn, showing persistent interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) similar to H-rich SN 1998S and PTF11iqb. The SN was discovered and classified just 12 h post-explosion via the GOTO-FAST high-cadence program. Optical spectroscopy, photometry, and polarimetry over 220 d chart the complex, long-lived interaction in this transient. Early evolution is dominated by CSM interaction, showing a 14 d rise to a peak absolute magnitude of g = −17.6 mag, with clear flash-ionisation signatures. SN 2024cld also shows a slowly-evolving late time light curve powered by CSM interaction, with high-velocity (6000 kms−1) shoulders on a strong multi-component Hα profile. Dense polarimetric coverage reveals marked evolution in the photospheric geometry – peaking at 2% polarisation 10 days post-explosion, and rotating ≈60○ as the ejecta sweep more distant CSM. We observe a narrow (≈ 60 kms−1) Hα P Cygni feature throughout, associated with pre-shock CSM. SN 2024cld represents among the best-observed 98S-like SNe to date, revealing a multi-component CSM structure: a dense, inner aspherical envelope, CSM disk/torus, and tenuous, extended wind. We propose this SN arose from an evolved supergiant progenitor experiencing multiple mass loss episodes in its terminal years, with binary interaction plausibly generating the CSM disk. SN 2024cld constrains the progenitors and mass-loss paradigms of 98S-like SNe, unveiling the chaotic ends of evolved supergiant stars from afar.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Published
2025-12-20
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2261
Primary Topic
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

SN 2024cld: unveiling the complex mass-loss histories of evolved supergiant progenitors to core collapse supernovae

E. Kankare, M. Fraser, I. Salmaso, M. Pursiainen et al.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
article

SN 2024cld: unveiling the complex mass-loss histories of evolved supergiant progenitors to core collapse supernovae

E. Kankare, M. Fraser, I. Salmaso, M. Pursiainen, K. Noysena, S. Belkin, A. Sahu, T. Nagao, Danny T. H. Steeghs, Benjamin P. Gompertz, Deborah Jarvis, G. Valerin, M. Magee, S. Mattila, T. Kravtsov, A. Reguitti, T. Butterley, R. Kotak, T. Kangas, Desmond O’Neill, L Kelsey, K. Ulaczyk, J. Casares, Maider González-Bañuelos, B. Godson, Benjamin D. R. Davies, ZY Wang, P. O’Brien, Niilo Koivisto, T L Killestein, S P Littlefair, L K Nuttall, R L C Starling, C P Gutiérrez, K Matilainen, R Wilson, A Kumar, Y-Z Cai, M J Dyer, D K Galloway, G Leloudas, G Ramsay, V S Dhillon, L Galbany, J Lyman, K Ackley, N Elias-Rosa, R P Breton, D L Coppejans, P Charalampopoulos, T M Reynolds, B Warwick, M Stritzinger, D Pollacco, M Mitchell
article en

Abstract

Abstract Pre-explosion mass loss in supernova (SN) progenitors is a crucial unknown factor in stellar evolution, yet has been illuminated recently by the diverse zoo of interacting transients. We present SN 2024cld, a transitional core-collapse SN at a distance of 39 Mpc, straddling the boundary between SN II and SN IIn, showing persistent interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) similar to H-rich SN 1998S and PTF11iqb. The SN was discovered and classified just 12 h post-explosion via the GOTO-FAST high-cadence program. Optical spectroscopy, photometry, and polarimetry over 220 d chart the complex, long-lived interaction in this transient. Early evolution is dominated by CSM interaction, showing a 14 d rise to a peak absolute magnitude of g = −17.6 mag, with clear flash-ionisation signatures. SN 2024cld also shows a slowly-evolving late time light curve powered by CSM interaction, with high-velocity (6000 kms−1) shoulders on a strong multi-component Hα profile. Dense polarimetric coverage reveals marked evolution in the photospheric geometry – peaking at 2% polarisation 10 days post-explosion, and rotating ≈60○ as the ejecta sweep more distant CSM. We observe a narrow (≈ 60 kms−1) Hα P Cygni feature throughout, associated with pre-shock CSM. SN 2024cld represents among the best-observed 98S-like SNe to date, revealing a multi-component CSM structure: a dense, inner aspherical envelope, CSM disk/torus, and tenuous, extended wind. We propose this SN arose from an evolved supergiant progenitor experiencing multiple mass loss episodes in its terminal years, with binary interaction plausibly generating the CSM disk. SN 2024cld constrains the progenitors and mass-loss paradigms of 98S-like SNe, unveiling the chaotic ends of evolved supergiant stars from afar.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
University College Dublin (IE), Institute of Space Sciences (ES), University of Leicester (GB), University of Turku (FI), Turku Centre for Computer Science (FI), Royal Holloway University of London (GB), Durham University (GB), European University Cyprus (CY), Aarhus University (DK), University of Cambridge (GB), Beijing Normal University (CN), Armagh Observatory & Planetarium (GB), Yunnan Observatories (CN), Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT), Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT), University of Manchester (GB), Department of Space (IN), University of Warwick (GB), Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES), DAWN Center for Independent Living (US), Physical Sciences (United States) (US), Institute of Astronomy (RU), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES), Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT), Monash University (AU), University of Portsmouth (GB), University of Birmingham (GB), IT University of Copenhagen (DK), National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (TH), University of Sheffield (GB), Aalto University (FI)
Villum Fonden, University of Portsmouth, UK Research and Innovation, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Leverhulme Trust, University of Leicester, University of Warwick, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Monash University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Generalitat de Catalunya, Isaac Newton Trust, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Turun Yliopisto, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Turun Yliopistosäätiö, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 31%
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.