The influence of the composition and additives of beeswax mixtures in historical ceroplastics on their long-term stability

Abstract The study examines the influence of the composition and additives in beeswax mixtures used in historical ceroplastics on their long-term stability. Based on analyses of historical recipes and research into collection items, experimental wax mixtures with various additives (lard, Venetian turpentine, dammar, paraffin, pigments) were prepared and subsequently subjected to workability tests, measurements of physical properties, and artificial aging. The results show that additives significantly affect not only the rheological properties of the mixtures, but also their chemical and thermal stability. While some additives contribute to increased stability, others (especially combinations of pigments with reactive components) can initiate degradation processes. The study provides new insights into historical technologies and provides a basis for the formulation of methodological recommendations in the field of preventive conservation and restoration of ceroplastic works.