A SURVEY OF MODERN SOLUTIONS FOR DATABASES SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE CHALLENGES

The exponential growth of web and mobile applications and the adoption of cloud services have exposed the limitations of traditional SQL databases in managing the Big Data triad: Volume, Velocity, and Variety. While relational systems offer robust transactional integrity, they face major difficulties in horizontally scaling and maintaining ACID guarantees at massive scale, generating a scalability crisis. In response, modern paradigms such as NoSQL, NewSQL, and hybrid/multi-model systems have emerged, each addressing performance challenges through distinct architectural tradeoffs. Their classification and evaluation are based on the CAP Theorem, which balances consistency, availability and partition tolerance. This paper provides a structured analysis and comparative synthesis of these solutions. By establishing a theoretical framework and rigorous performance metrics, the study evaluates the strengths, limitations, and suitability of these solutions for the demands of contemporary data-intensive applications.