SUSTAINABLE BLOCKCHAIN: SOLUTIONS AND CHALLENGES IN REDUCING THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES

Blockchain technology has rapidly transformed the way decentralized systems operate, offering new possibilities for transparency, security, and autonomy. However, these benefits come with a notable drawback: the significant environmental cost associated with blockchain consensus mechanisms — particularly Proof of Work (PoW) Möser et all (2021). This paper examines the environmental impact of blockchain and investigates more sustainable alternatives, such as Proof of Stake (PoS) and other energy-efficient models. Using Ethereum’s transition from PoW to PoS as a central case study, along with examples such as Algorand and Chia, we explore how different architectural decisions affect energy consumption. Our analysis, based on recent academic research and technical data, suggests that sustainable blockchain models are technically viable—but their success depends on broader systemic changes, including clear regulations, governance reforms, and industry-wide engagement. In conclusion, blockchain can evolve into a sustainable technology, but only through a responsible and coordinated effort