Complement C4d Informs the Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Demyelinating CNS Diseases
C4d detection extends the window for identifying complement activation in CNS biopsies of IIDDs and emerges as a valuable CSF biomarker, enhancing diagnostic precision, autoantibody target identification, and patient stratification for complement-targeting therapies.
Authors
- Friederike Held (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1190-9435)
- Konstantina Kolotourou
- Verena Endmayr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5279-5720)
- Aigli G. Vakrakou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7712-7216)
- Claudia Wrzos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-584X)
- Carolina Thomas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7386-1181)
- Thomas Misgeld (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-6794)
- Max Ulrich Heiner Schmiedeknecht
- Thanos Tsaktanis
- Romana Höftberger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-1100)
- Samy Hakroush (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-3567)
- Jonas Franz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-6622)
- Stefan Nessler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8710-5233)
- Simon Hametner
- Carolin Landt
- Mihai Ancău
- Bernhard Hemmer
- Christine Stadelmann
- Veit Rothhammer
- Klaus Bergann
- Mihaela Guranda
- Sabrina Zechel
Institutions
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain Cluster of Excellence 171 — DFG Research Center 103 (DE)
- Klinikum Bremen-Mitte (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Leipzig University (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2025-12-23
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000200528
- Primary Topic
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- University of Denver
- Cardiff University