Psychological Casualties of Kashmir Conflict: Behavioural and Emotional Problems Among Adolescents with Urgent Need for Psychosocial Interventions

Adolescents in conflict-affected Kashmir are at heightened risk for behavioural and emotional problems due to the longstanding political conflict. This study examined behavioural and emotional problems among 400 school-going adolescents (aged 12–18 years) in South Kashmir, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Among the participants, 63.5% reported direct exposure to violence, while 36.5% reported indirect exposure. Overall, 41% of adolescents reported peer problems, 34% hyperactivity, 29% conduct problems, and 16% emotional issues. Gender differences were noted, with males exhibiting more externalizing problems (conduct and hyperactivity) and females more internalizing problems (emotional distress and overall behavioural and emotional problems). Continued exposure to violence and insecurity appears to contribute to the persistence of these mental health issues. These findings highlight the urgent need for context-sensitive mental health assessments and interventions in schools, particularly those that account for gendered experiences and socio-cultural factors. Integrating school-based mental health services and culturally informed community supports could improve early identification and care for adolescents in conflict-affected Kashmir.