Carbon footprint life cycle assessment of cement industry in Libya

Due to the increasing growth of infrastructure and urbanization, it is anticipated that global cement production would reach 4.2 billion tons in 2024. The need for a thorough environmental assessment is highlighted by the fact that the cement industry produces around 8% of all greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and about 44% of industrial CO2 emissions. By conducting a quarry-to-landfill life-cycle assessment of four domestic cement factories, including quarrying, clinker production, milling, distribution, demolition waste treatment, and waste transport to landfill, this study measures CO2 emissions related to cement supplied to the Libyan market. Furthermore, manufacturing-stage emissions in exporting nations and transportation-related emissions in the global supply chain are taken into account when calculating emissions from imported cement coming from Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey. The incorporation of imported cement emissions into Libya’s national cement footprint, which allows for a more precise assessment of the actual environmental impact of cement use, is a unique addition of this work. Additionally, the study suggests specific mitigation techniques for the industry and calculates the relative contribution of each life-cycle phase to overall emissions. The overall CO2 emission factor for cement consumed in Libya is roughly 1083.6 kg CO2 per tonne of cement, according to the results.